Saturday, August 31, 2019
Childhood Development Essay
Introduction                        Patterson and Bronfenbrenner came up with a comprehensive explanation of the role that a child’s context plays in their developmental process. These two sociologists assert that children’s culture, parenting style, social network among other factors tremendously affect their overall outcome as adults. The essay shall examine the latter author’s theories with regard to delinquency. Role of contextual analysis in determining delinquent patterns                        The country is under tremendous pressure owing to the high rates of delinquency. It would therefore be very useful to place this pattern of behavior under context. Kennedy and Swenson (1995) explained that the country needed a total of one billion dollars to deal with the juvenile system which is usually brought on by delinquency factors. Some of the assertions made by these experts include the fact that juvenile delinquents are more likely than other individuals to depend on welfare as adults or to be unemployed in the future. It is therefore imperative to detect some of the possible causes of these behaviors and nip them in the bud.                        DeBaryshe, Patterson and Ramsey (1989) explain that the interactions which children have with their families have a major role to play in terms of the way children turn out in the future. It should be noted that those children with minimal guidance from their respective families have higher chances of exhibiting delinquent behavior. Additionally, these negative effects experienced by such children are likely to trickle down to their overall behavior within the school environment. More often than not, such children feel rejected by their parents are thus unable to give their all within the school environment. The overall result of this is failure.                        On top of the latter, it is possible to find that most children who are exposed to negative family influences or those who have been rejected by their families tend to join socially deviant groups. The main explanation for this is that those children are looking for some sort of acceptance. While the socially deviant groups may not be acceptable by other members of the community, most of them make neglected children feel at home. When a rejected child joins such a socially deviant group, they are likely to ape the behaviors of their peers and engage in delinquent behavior.                        Patterson (1996) explains that in order to understand or even determine whether a child will exhibit delinquent behavior, one ought to examine whether that respective child is exposed to good family management. Additionally, it was also necessary to look at some of the issues revolving around their parents. This factors include; availability of parents, nature of parental interactions and whether those respective individuals can understand the nature of the child’s respective challenges.                        The latter mentioned authors also asserted that it was necessary to asses whether a child’s school environment was a positive influence upon their lives. This means that more often than not, children who perform poorly in school or those who feel out of place in school are more likely to exhibit delinquent behavior than their counterparts in other types of schools. Consequently, it is necessary fro such children’s parent to take part in monitoring their children’s behavior.                        It should be noted that the latter authors were trying to move away from the traditional explanations of delinquency. In other words, they believed that delinquency is more a result of family interactions rather than family structures. Traditionally, it was thought that children brought up in single parent homes were more susceptible to delinquent behavior than those children who have been raised by both parents. However, contextual development adherents believe that a child can be brought up in a single parent home and fail to become a juvenile delinquent if the nature of their family relationships is strong enough. Additionally, Patterson asserts that when parents continually monitor their children, then chances of delinquency are drastically reduced. This is something that Patterson (1996) believes can occur even at slightly younger ages. The latter assertion indicates just how closely rel ated this theory is to Piaget’s child development theory.                      According to the latter author, children learn through the processes of accommodation and assimilation. Assimilation is the process by which a child takes up certain habits or issues from their respective environments through changes in their own perceptions. On the other hand, accommodation is the process by which certain elements in a child’s minds change as a result of the assimilative processes. It should be noted that there is one major factor that is common between these respective components. It is the fact that most of the information that changes a child’s perceptions of their environment is obtained from their respective contexts. This means that context has a large role to play according to Piaget. If a child’s family, social circles or school does not stimulate certain assimilation or accommodation processes, then that child will miss out on a crucial part of their development. This therefore implies that such children have higher chances of exhibiting delinquent behavior.                  Some other authors also concur with Patterson and Bronfenbrenner in terms of the causes of delinquency. Examples of such authors include Megens and Weerman (2007). They assert that the nature of a child’s social interactions have an inherent effect on their likelihood to exhibit delinquency. The latter authors believe that when children interact with peers who are likely to affect them negatively, then chances are those children will take up negative influences and hence become more deviant.                  DeBaryshe, Patterson and Ramsey (1989) explain that children who become delinquents are those ones that get negative influence from their respective schools. They believe that when certain children achieve academically, then they are more likely to be positive in their present and future lives. This means that some of the assertions made with regard to Patterson concur with these explanations. The authors believe that academic achievement acts as a go between for a respective child in terms of the nature of their parent’s role and also in terms of delinquency. Their studies showed that when children performed well in school, they were less likely to become delinquents even when their parents did not monitor them effectively. Their findings also showed that when children did not perform well in school but received discipline from their parents, then they were less likely to show delinquent behavior just like the latter mentioned category of children.                   In terms of explaining the nature of social networks amongst children, Dishion and Loeber (1983) explain that belonging to deviant groups can make children more vulnerable to delinquency because it teaches children how to become delinquents. The latter authors elaborate this further by explaining that children with higher cases of conflicts between themselves are also more likely to receive less support from their corresponding peers. The overall result of this exposure is exhibition of delinquent behavior. These social groups usually engage in substance abuse and may show negative tendencies towards one another. The overall result of this is that children then become delinquents.                          During discussion of delinquency, one cannot ignore the effect of SES as many individuals have suggested this as a causative factor. However, research in the area has indicated that most individuals can counter the effect of SES status through parental involvement in a child’s life. These studies as indicated by Patterson et al (1989) show that most individuals may exhibit patterns of juvenile behavior if they do not have any sort of parental reinforcement regardless of their SES status. Despite the fact that most juvenile cases happen to be individuals with lower SES status, the latter authors explain that this is as a result of poor parental or family management. Had those children been exposed to greater parental discipline, their SES status would not have mattered.                                     Some authors explain that juvenile casers are also caused by biological factors. There are certain instances in which exhibition of violent or criminal behavior may be brought on by ones’ respective biological make-up. For instance, it has been shown that most cases of juvenile behavior occur amongst boys than it does among girls. Also, it has been found that juvenile delinquency increases as a child gets older. While one may not be able to link these biological factors to a child’s context, it is imperative to realize that certain social factors are linked to biological factors. For instance, society requires that girls should be well behaved and engage in socially acceptable behavior. This is a concept which they learn at an early age and they learn to live with it for their entire childhood. Consequently, social context has a role in determining why males exhibit greater cases of delinquency than females because boys are taught about these roles through their interactions with family, friends, school mates etc.                             Additionally, it can also be asserted that the issue of age as a biological prerequisite to delinquency can also be examined in a contextual environment. Most children learn about their world as they grow older. Consequently, the older they get, the more likely those respective individuals are to be affected by their respective environments and also the higher their chances of engaging in delinquent behavior.                             Children or adolescents who spend more time with other individuals who are non-family members may exhibit delinquency. Research shows that taking children away to religious or learning institutions for long periods of time deprives them, off the much needed parental guidance and eventually causes deviant behavior which may be manifested as delinquency.                              Others theories also bring out the fact that children who experience excessive discipline measures usually record greater instances of delinquent behavior than those who are exposed to moderate levels of discipline. The reason for this is that children have greater tendencies to rebel against their parents or caretakers in cases where they receive heavy punishments because such children may feel that their penalties do not befit their wrongs and may therefore feel unfairly treated. Therefore, such children may have pent up anger and may therefore vent it out through delinquent behavior. Conclusion                          It has been shown that when parents exercise greater control of their child’s whereabouts, then they are more likely to prevent delinquent behavior. This same pattern may also be observed when parents exercise consistent discipline and also when they have supportive relationships. Biological factors have little influence on their own but they matter when analyzed contextually. Also, the issue of SES status can be minimized through effective family management. Reference  Patterson, G., DeBaryshe, B., and Ramsey, E. (1989): A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior; American Psychologist, 44, 2, 330 Patterson, G. (1996): Some characteristics of a developmental theory for early-onset delinquency; Oxford University Press Swenson, C. & Kennedy, W. (1995): Perceived control and treatment outcomes with chronic adolescent offenders; Journal of Adolescence, 30, 565-560 Loeber, R. and Dishion, T. (1983): Early predictors of male delinquency; Psychological Bulletin review, 94, 1, 73 Megens, K. and Weerman, F. (2007): The Dynamics of Peer Associations and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence; American Society of criminology report, No. 12
Friday, August 30, 2019
Living in a Violent Culture
Most violent acts committed in modern times are seen as unthinkable and heinous. Today’s culture appears to be at its most serene and peaceful. However, this may not be true. Today’s culture is still one of extreme violence and is comparable to some of history’s most horrific times. Over the course of history, violence in culture has been in fluctuation but has always been considerably aggressive. Modern violent culture is comparable to history’s as society’s forms of entertainment are still violent, racial, domestic, and religious. Disputes still occur and lastly, war and cruel punishments still exist in the world. Fortunately, there is hope as violence, although still existing, seems to be improving and slowly diminishing. Over time, modern forms of entertainment appear to have changed. However; it can be disturbing the similarities in which violence appears to be a common factor throughout history. Rome is said to be the birthplace of violent entertainment. Some historians suggest that we should not be surprised by their violent games and competitions because the Romans were at war throughout their history. Ancient Rome is infamous for their gladiatorial battles; battles in which men were forced to fight one another to the death. Many gladiators were prisoners of war, criminals or slaves. Thousands of people would watch as these men were thrown into the fight against their will. Women would even attend these events and watch men fight to the death. This would first appear to us as shocking, but today’s society is attracted to films indicating this exact behavior. The film Gladiator is about a general whose family is murdered by a prince and this man becomes a gladiator to seek revenge. This movie won 5 Oscars as well as numerous other awards. This is undeniable evidence that society has not changed when it comes to these sorts of things. They still watch the same forms of violence. In Medieval times, crowds would come to watch the public executions of heretics and traitors. The crowds would chant and yell awaiting the death of the accused. The movie Kill Bill follows the story of a woman who was almost killed by a group of people working for her husband. This woman learns to fight and the only thing on her mind is to have revenge on the assassination team that betrayed her. The entire point of the movie is supporting the woman in killing off each and every person involved in her attack. Just like the support given by crowds against deserving criminals, audiences support the character against the deserving criminals in her case. This movie was played worldwide and was top grossing during its time. This is even more evidence supporting the fact that culture has not changed a lot. In sixteenth-century Paris, a popular form of entertainment was cat-burning, in which a cat was hoisted in a sling on a stage and slowly lowered into a fire. This of course seems repulsive to think of now, but today there are still cock fights, dog fights and bullfights. Bull fighting is a traditional spectacle of Spain, Portugal, some cities in southern France and in several Latin American countries. This form of entertainment involves one or more bulls being ritually killed in a bullring as a public spectacle. It can be considered a blood sport. Bull fighting is now becoming more controversial but is still seen as very respectable. Many people come to bullfighting arenas simply to watch animals being killed as a means of entertainment. This is not very different from cat burning. Both are violent and should be unacceptable. In some ways, today’s culture is worse than the past. Even in history, murder was still wrong under the wrong circumstances. Other actions such as rape and abuse were still regarded as bad and could be punished. Today, the world has video games in which young boys and girls are exposed to this violence in a whole new way. They are given the opportunity to play the bad guy without actually committing the crime. This not only teaches these children that perhaps violence is okay, but what if one day, playing the game is not enough for them. For example, there is a game called Phantasmagoria that was banned in various countries for â€Å"sexualized violence†. In no way should rape ever be drawn and put into a game. This is a new kind of violent entertainment that promotes violence in today’s culture. To use violence as a means of entertainment also promotes violence as okay in certain situations. Racial, religious and domestic disputes occur today all over the world and have been forever. Anti-Semitism has been in the world since Earth’s earliest civilizations and it continued extensively until the 1940s and resulted in the death of over 6 million Jews. Violence occurred during the Crusades in the medieval times; during which religiously sanctioned military campaigns forcefully and violently fought to abolish other religions through violence and torture. These two events are similar in that they fought to abolish another group of human beings because one group thought they were more superior. Rwanda is filled with genocide and child soldiers. A child soldier lives their entire life violently. They are forced to murder and therefore grow up knowing nothing but that. The Muslims and the Jewish people in the Middle East still fight over land. Today even in Canada there are ethnic disputes. Canada has two â€Å"founding nations†: the French and the English. Disputes occur between the French wanting to separate from Canada. It is only a matter of time before this dispute ends in violence. Slavery among cultures had always existed. The targets of slavery were minority groups. This had always been the case. It was not until 1834 that slavery was abolished in Canada and it would not be until 1863 that it was abolished in the USA. Today, southern states still experience extreme racism towards African Americans simply because they are a ‘minority’. Although ethnic conflict may be inevitable in the modern world, prevention techniques such as understanding other cultures, recognizing warning signs of ethnic violence and developing a plan of action can lead to diplomatic settlements and can help to contain violent outbursts. There is hope to end the racial violence that still exists today. Education for all cultures is now abundant as well as human rights laws that work to prevent the harm of anyone due to their race. Another form of practiced violence in the world is domestic violence. Women seem to always be a target for violence. In ancient Greece, women were practically prisoners in their own homes. They had no rights and they were owned by either their father or their husband. Thus, these men had the right to abuse them. In Medieval times, if a woman got pregnant and decided to attempt an abortion, they were subject to horrible methods of torture and eventual death. Today, the extent of violence slowly diminishes. However, women are generally still targets for abuse in relationships. Domestic violence occurs everywhere in Canada and in the States. Honour killings are still performed to this day in the Middle East. An honour killing is when a woman is suspected of being unfaithful to their husbands, dressing inappropriately, engaging in homosexuality or wanting to be out of an arranged marriage. Women can be stoned to death or buried alive as well as other methods. Clearly this is a culture of violence when all of these things are still occurring. From racial disputes, to religious disagreements; from fights over territory to the abuse of women, violence occurs everywhere. In fact, violence will most likely survive until the end of human civilization. The most extreme form of violence and dispute is war. It is almost as if the world is addicted to war; it is the ultimate power struggle. War is something that can influence an entire nation. It can turn people against another group of people and is the ultimate act of violence. Violence is inevitable in any culture. War however, is not. History is flooded with war. In fact, war continuously existed from Egyptian times until medieval times. There was no escape from that. A shred of hope for our future would include the fact that war did not exist in today’s culture. However, it still does. From land rights, to religious disputes to rivalries, war has always existed. And today, the world continues to fight. The US led war to continue to exist in Iraq. The aim has been the destruction of Iraqi society enabling the US and Britain to gain control of Iraq's huge oil reserves. In five thousand years of hosting empires, the fertile valley between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers has endured many tyrannical regimes. Sumerians, Chaldeans, Hittites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes, Persians, Macedonian Greeks, Seleucid Greeks, Romans, Parthians, Arabs, Mongols, Ottoman Turks, and the British have all passed through and left their mark, for good or ill. Some, like the Assyrians, have come â€Å"like a wolf on the fold†; others have stayed long enough to build more than they destroyed. The Americans, are coming like the Assyrians. Currently, the war is not solving any problems. It’s a continual battle in hopes for some sort of end. Men are dying from Canada, the USA and from Iraq. Money that could be spent to better each of these countries is being used on the war. People back home are listening and waiting to hear about the next soldier that has died. Today, war is still an issue. War is what seemed to have made previous civilizations so unstable. This culture may never truly be civilized until it learns that violence is a short term means to an end of a problem. As Bertrand Russell says, â€Å"War does not determine who is right, it determines who is left†. War is a similar factor in each of the civilizations prior to this one, and in this one. If war is eliminated, perhaps violence as a whole would be on its way out. Until then, today’s culture will be one of violence. Looking back at the past, mankind may take pride in the supposed lack of violence in the world today when comparing it to the past. However, violence still exists almost as vividly and as evil as it once did. It will not be until mankind desires to rid itself of the unnecessary violence in its entertainment. It will not be until religious, racial and domestic disputes are abolished and everyone is equal that violence will be eliminated. And lastly, it will not be until war is no longer an option for solving problems and people come to diplomatic solutions will the world be rid of violence. Until that time, today’s culture and all the future ones to come will be ones of violence.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Australia And China Relations
As the saying goes â€Å"No man can live alone†, so is a nation. In this era of globalization, no nation can meet the demands of the new world order without the help of other nation. The International Community is composed of various nations, sharing ideas and lending hand to establish progress for a better future. Australia which is a member of the United Nations and other international organizations also shares its ideas and resources to other nations while gaining its interests for the good of its people. In addition, building friendly relations with other nations plays an essential role in furthering plans for the future of its constituents. Nations to befriend with does not necessarily require similarities in advocacy or type of government. It is necessary that an issue that interests both nations will be properly addressed. Moreover, according to Alan Oxley, interests shape relationship. In the case of Australia, building ties with China, which is a rising superpower, is possible because of some interests that bind both of them. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, the Prime Minister wanted to establish a personal relationship with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and President Hu Jintao. In addition, according to Toy and Grattan, building personal ties with leaders could not be hard because of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s skill and intelligence on China’s tradition and political culture and his experience as Australian diplomat in China. According to Grattan and Nicholson, the relationship between Australia and China is one of common economic and national interest. Some of these interests that Prime Minister Kevin Rudd wants to pursue with China are free trade and bilateral agreement, the issue on climate change and to encourage Chinese people to become full partners in the global international order and establish a long- term partnership with China. On economic issue, the Prime Minister is boosting for free- trade and bilateral agreement. Through these, a wider business opportunity will open to both countries. According to Alan Oxley, Chair of the APEC Centre at Monash University, Australia is a major supplier of resources for China. Moreover, according to Grattan and Nicholson, Australia is known of its coal resources which are needed by China as a source of energy. On the other hand, free trade will open China for Australian investors because of its growing market in the pensions and superannuation industry, as stated by Toy and Grattan in their article. The free- trade agreement will also push to finalize the Doha deal which is an advantage for Australia. Some barriers in the business transactions between the two countries will also be addressed to further a smooth flow of business. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, Dr. Malcolm Cook stated that China, on its part, is also interested because of its interest in the bid to buy into Rio Tinto to keep down the costs of resources from Australia. Through free trade agreement, both countries will be able to meet their interests. Under the free- trade agreement, China may as well be granted with investment rights. Through investment rights, according to Trade Minister Simon Crean, China will be allowed to invest up to $1 billion at a time without having to seek approval from the Foreign Investment review Board (FIRB). However, the proposed changes could raise questions because of the recent increase in Chinese equity investments and takeovers, especially in the resources sector, at a time when Beijing has accumulated $US1. 7 trillion in foreign exchange reserves (cited from Rudd mat give investment rights). On the contrary, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s moves have raised questions from among observers like former Trade Adviser to the Chinese government, John McDonnell. John McDonnell said â€Å"The Prime Minister needs to clarify the nature of his connections with the Chinese Government and how they are likely to affect Australian interests and policies. †Moreover, John McDonnell has raised two things that the government and Prime Minister shall do to drive- away suspicions in the relationship of Australia and China. The first is the need to dispel the idea that the Prime Ministers or his ministers have behind-the scenes connections with Chinese interests. This is brought by the obscurity of government’s relationship with Australia- Beijing Technology. According to Mc Donnell, the nature of the business is not clarified to the public. The second is the need to clarify the extent of the government and the Prime Minister’s willingness to deal with an essentially corrupt, and grace-and-favour Chinese regime. According to McDonnell; â€Å"China remains a country without a fundamental legal structure. Its constitution amounts to a set of directives from the central government to the various organs and agencies as to how policy will be conducted. There are no guarantees of the sort embodied in the US constitution. It looks more like a set of cabinet than a basic law. ’ Moreover, Rowan Callick asserted in John McDonnell’s article, that party cadres who have been trained abroad and who have taken over state-owned enterprises. There is doubt that Australia, a democratic government, might not go well in business with a nation where Communism type of government is adhered. State-ownership may still be the core objective of China despite it’s participation in international affairs. In addition, John McDonnell stated that Government shall make it clear that if it does not get what it believes is a reasonable outcome from the FTA negotiations, then it will rely on the multilateral system to implement its policy objectives. This makes it clear that John McDonnell doubts that Australia will benefit from the free trade agreement. Momentarily, Prime Minister criticized the human right policy over Tibetans of China in his speech delivered in mandarin in Peking University. Some have given applause while others raised their eyebrows. According to Stuart Harris, former head of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd’s speech was very clever while some says that it passed the test with considerable tact and skill. However, many also criticized his bold move by criticizing and at the same time building free trade with China. According to Dr. Malcolm Cook, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd could best influence China if the criticism was done behind closed doors. In the article of Toy and Grattan, China asserted that Tibetans are bestowed with wonderful human rights protection and the issue on Tibet is purely an internal affair that does not welcome any interference form foreign countries. In defense, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd stressed that his speech is an advice from a true friend. The Prime Minister said that a true friend can be a partner who sees beyond immediate benefit to a broader and firm basis for continuing, profound and sincere friendship. This issue raised the doubts and suspicion on the foreign policy of Prime Minister by entering a friendly relation and at the same time criticizing the nations’ policy. Nevertheless, the criticism did not weaken the plan of the two countries of becoming a long- term partner. Furthermore, the very essential factor that binds the two countries in entering into a friendly relation is the issue on climate change. It can be noted that Australia is playing a major role in addressing the issue on Global Warming. According to Grattan’s and Nicholson’s article, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd wanted to persuade the Chinese to play a bigger part on climate change. This would give China a crucial role in the coming international negotiations for a new agreement on climate change. According to Climate Change Minister Penny Wong, Australia and China have a common interest in finding lower carbon solution for coal which means developing a carbon capture and storage mechanism. Moreover, both leaders committed o wok more closely on climate change, particularly in the area of the development of low emission technology (cited from Rudd again raises Tibet issue with China). Notably, Australia has a significant coal export in China for the latter’s energy needs and coal is one among the elements that causes greenhouse effects causing climate change. In finding a solution to climate change, China plays an important role. As agreed, Australia has committed to fund $20 million in finding solutions for climate change. The funding will cover the researches in putting up a clean coal technology and collaboration on carbon sequestration. This will lower carbon emissions and at the same time address the energy needs of the world. Significantly, Australia and China will develop the world’s largest solar city through Australia’s funding. Both countries will also monitor the health of the Yellow, Pearl and Da Ling rivers in China. These are the plans of Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that he is proposing to China (cited from Australia to aid China’s solar city plan). According to Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, Australia have come a long way and can go further. Building friendly relation with China will not only benefit both countries on economy because investors from both countries will have business opportunity. The most essential effect of the relation would be the goal of both countries on issue on climate change. At present, all nations of the world are aware of the climate change but have no significant actions have been taken yet to deal with the problem. However, through the partnership of Australia and China, the global problem will be given solution which will effectively benefit not just Australians and Chinese but also all people of the world.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3
Assignment 2 - Essay Example ve with regard to what computer systems their software runs on and what computer systems it does not through sabotaging the Max OS X operating system. The situation with Apple is more complex and deserves a more concrete explanation. Apple produces an operating system which is supposed to only run on machines which are made by Apple. In recent times, Apple moved to the Intel processors and along with this move, it left the door open for other companies to use the same motherboard and chips to provide Mac clones. One such company is Psystar, which has produced computers running Mac OS X at rates which are much cheaper than comparative Apple computers. The exclusivity of Mac OS X running on Apple made machines is therefore under threat and it is likely that Apple would want to put a stop to this. At the same time, there have been court rulings which hold â€Å"that a software publisher cant require you to run an operating system on a specific type of hardware (Himowitz, 2008, Pg. 1)†. However, there is nothing stopping Apple from releasing an update to its Mac OS X system which stops the computer from running if an ‘unauthorized’ system is detected. Essentially, Apple â€Å"can always sabotage the usurper by issuing updates that wont run on the alien machine, or that disable it (Himowitz, 2008, Pg. 1)†. Here, sabotage may be entirely legal and the only result of the sabotage would be that a lot of the people using Psystar created Apple computers could be left holding the bag. Apple has done the same in the past with its iPhone devices which were hacked to run on wireless carriers other than the ones licensed by Apple. The laws and the ethics concerning this topic need to be defined further since once a buyer has purchased a device or has bought a piece of software it should be permissible for them to use it any way they like. Apple should not be able to sabotage an iPhone which is not being used in the manner Apple would like to see it being used. If Apple
For and Against the Irrelevance of Dividend Policy Essay
For and Against the Irrelevance of Dividend Policy - Essay Example When earnings are dispensed as dividends, the company is deprived of funds which are needed for augmentation and development, and this might result in the company looking for supplementary capital from external sources. Firms are not legally required to pay dividends to stockholders. Similarly, the stockholders cannot officially compel the Board of Directors to declare dividends. In addition to that, even courts cannot meddle in this affair (Kapil, 2011). Arguments For Dividend Irrelevance In the year 1961, two senior professors, Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller (M&M) stated that a firm’s value has no correlation with its dividend policy. According to them, the market value of a company is decided only by the actions pertaining to investment and operations that result in cash flows. The structure of capital and policies related to dividends are simply financing actions or in other words, purely the ways in which cash flows from operations are allocated among the investors. Modigliani and Miller were awarded Nobel Prizes for this exclusive effort concerning Accounting and Financing. The M&M proposal gave birth to scholarly analysis in the field of finance and accounting. Since their attempt, numerous researchers in economics, finance and accounting have come up with various models and theories to explain the irrelevance and relevance of dividends to the market value of the company. Besides the M&M Theory proponents known as Middle of the Roaders; there exist Rightist and Radical Left groups with their own viewpoints (Brealey, 2007). Residual Theory states that if a company is not capable of investing further to earn in surplus of its capital expenditure, then it should apportion the earnings among the stockholders. Over the years, the evolution of M&M Theory has propagated the notion that a company’s dividend policy is irrelevant to its market value. The major argument stated by the M&M theorists is that the investment strategy is the most impor tant determinant of a company’s market value, while the division between the dividends and the reinvestments does not have an effect on this value. However, this explicit suggestion has been made under certain assumptions (Baker et al, 2005). These assumptions largely entail capital markets which are perfect with no taxes and a steady interest rate in the market with limitless borrowing. The clients or potential investors who come with money are varied in terms of preferences for low disbursement and high disbursement demand for dividends. The proponents of dividend irrelevance emphasize on this point, elucidating that policy changes with regard to high or low disbursements of dividends, affects the clientele or the investors that the company will influence, not its value. Though research illustrates that major alterations in dividends somehow affect stockholder prices. However, the response of the proponents of dividend irrelevance is that the influence on the prices is asso ciated with the informational substance of dividends in relation to potential earnings instead of the dividend itself. It is the inclination in the preferences of the investors that results in modifications of prices. Another argument in the support of dividend irrelevance is the fact that most investors are little affected whether or not dividends are paid as they know that if dividends are not paid, then the earnings are reinvested which ultimately
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
OSHA Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
OSHA Standards - Essay Example In addition to this the training should be safe for all parties involved and others. Training is supposed to be both theoretical and practical with evaluation of performance. The standard goes ahead to outline the various topics to be covered by operators some being operating instructions, differences between trucks and automobiles, steering and manoeuvring, stability and capacity among others (OSHA, 2011). Operators are also required to undergo refresher training in stances where they are found to perform unsafe operations, near-miss accident situations, a different truck is to be operated, changes in workplace conditions and many others (OSHA, 2011). General evaluation of operators is to be conducted after every three years. Approval should go with certification showing that the operator has undergone training and evaluation. This standard is good in ensuring that accidents and injuries related to powered industrial trucks are minimised. However, it is not an adequate standard basi ng this on certain aspects; refresher training seems to be only necessary in case an operator portrays some level of notable incompetence. It further stipulates that refresher training should be conducted after every three years.
Monday, August 26, 2019
Quiz 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2
Quiz 3 - Essay Example The signings comments are used to emphasise important of legislation. For example, a piece of legislation had been passed on the time when it is needed the most, or it serves to solve some pressing problem at the time (Woolley and Peters). The United State emphasis and practise individualism more than collectivism because the former drives people to produce more and thus the economy of the country is always growing. However, collectivism leads to laxity among some individuals who are not willing to work as hard as other people. Therefore, this phenomenon is experienced even in politics where Politician’s and stick to their party ideology. This obstructs opportune moment of collective bargaining and bipartisan legislation. A legislative veto is an administrative law that is passed by a majority of congress to object or nullify an executive order (Cornell University Law School). For example, The Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act requires a Congressional veto for it to be effected. The act was published in August 5, 1983 even after it has been found unconstitutional by the Supreme
Sunday, August 25, 2019
The problems of advertising unhealthful products to children and Essay
The problems of advertising unhealthful products to children and teens, and propose a solution - Essay Example This paper analyses the problems associated with unhealthy advertising to children and teens and proposes certain solutions to avoid it. Tobacco companies exploit the hero worshipping attitudes of younger generation cleverly with the help of beautiful ads and children and teens become the victims of such misleading ads. Lung cancer, heart diseases, asthma, cough etc are often caused by smoking. Instead of revealing these health problems of smoking, tobacco companies in their advertisements describe smoking as a pleasant act which gives immense satisfaction and pleasure to the smoker. Majority of the tobacco companies have celebrities as their brand ambassador. For example, film stars are often utilized by tobacco companies for advertising their cigarettes. The mannerisms and the body languages of the film stars in the tobacco advertisements will encourage the hero worshipping teen generation to imitate their heartthrobs blindly. Children and teens have the inherited trait to imitate others. They learn life lessons from parents, teachers and celebrities. They are not much aware of the consequences of smoking. Only thi ng they know is that their hero is smoking and therefore they can also smoke. Alcoholism is another problem associated with unhealthy advertisements. As in the case of smoking, liquor manufacturers also advertise their products as safe to use. It should be noted that alcoholism can create more problems to the teenage community than adult people. Children during their physical and mental developmental stages need nutritious food and a healthy lifestyle. However, liquor manufacturers encourage younger generation to start drinking habits as early as possible with the help of misleading advertisements. â€Å"Alcohol advertisements often portray alcohol as enhancing economic success, fun, attractiveness to the opposite sex, athletic skill, and social popularity†(Alcohol Advertising
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words
Business Plan - Essay Example The Competition 8 6.1 Key Competitors 8 6.2 Competitive Analysis: SWOT Analysis 8 7. Commercialisation Plan 10 7.1 Overall Business Strategies 10 7.2 Sales Strategy 10 7.3 Key Marketing Strategy 10 8. Management 11 8.1 The current team and their roles 11 9. Financial Projections 12 9.2 Sources of finance 12 9.3 Profit & Loss Statement 13 9.4 Cash Flow Statement 15 REFLECTIVE LEARNING: 16 Week 1 16 Week 2: 17 Week 3 18 Week 4 19 Week 5 19 Week 6 20 Week 7 21 Week 8 22 Week 9 23 Week 10 23 REFERENCES: 25 1. Executive Summary The aim of this business plan is to produce a comprehensive report on creating a football events committee that becomes a major attraction for all the football fans on the various campuses such as (Add names of the campuses), providing quality equipment as well as an unparalleled experience for the participants. The aim is to steadily build it into a business that will not only cater to the football fan base but will also incorporate other activities which might in terest our consumers into the sports events later on. Through the extensive research explained later during this report, it can be forecasted that this business will grow over time and help us generate a fan base of sports enthusiasts. The customer base of the business at the start will be the football fanatics at the school, and as the committee starts to gain popularity, the customer base will increase to include the basketball, tennis and all the other sports fans as well as a secondary target market, which will include the participants as well as the spectators who enjoy watching sports. This segmentation has been formed after conducting a market research by the use of questionnaires. By gaining sponsorship from various interested organizations to provide financial backing as well as collaborating with Action for Southern Africa (ACTSA), the events will be marketed creatively to provide the business’s customers with a complete package which gives them value for money. 2. Objectives For Year 1, the objectives include creating introductory awareness of the football club by putting up posters at various strategic as well as relevant locations where they can be made accessible to the target audience. Also, recognition can also be generated by word of mouth, or the favourable opinion by the customers of the business. This could be through Facebook could prove to be a vital tool in this regard as it can help spread out the word to the target market; that cannot be reached otherwise by employing the other market tactics (Muske, Stanforth and Woods, 2010). According to the forecasts made, which will be mentioned in the financial part, the sales projections of the ACTSA wrist bands as well as badges is estimated to be 25 each, whereas participants per events is proposed to be 80, leaving the business with a minimum total revenue of ?300 per event. The profit per event is estimated to be ? 300. The request for sponsoring the sports events has been responded b y Student union as well as Aqua Burst so far. By Year 2, the football club is likely to be substantially established through the employment of the advertising techniques mentioned above. A website could now be created in order to gain popularity as well as to give vital information about the business to the customers. Again, according to the forecasts made in the financial part of the business plan, we can estimate that the sales of the ACTSA wrist bands as well as the badges are projected to reach 200 each, while the participants per event will increase to around 150 per event. The total revenue per event will increase to a minimum of ?1000, while the profit generated per event is expected to be ?600. The sponsors likely to endorse the football club
Friday, August 23, 2019
Questions on Global Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Questions on Global Issues - Essay Example egitimacy as a source of national identity, will open doors for other mediums such as religion and culture to fill the void for nationalism and further threaten the state. This struggle is reminiscent of what Samuel Huntington wrote in his book The Clash of Civilization, he notes that in the post-Cold War era, wars and conflicts will be fought not because of economic or ideological reasons, but because of cultural phenomenon brought about by clashes among civilizations. He argues that Western instruments of modernity will create conflicts with the non-Western world due to the isolation and aggression that it will create. With globalization bringing nations and cultures together, non-Western cultures may feel isolated and threatened. In order to protect themselves, and with no apparent formal channel to do so under the nation-state, religion –being inextricably linked and identified with culture, becomes a crucial refuge and a powerful tool to fight back. However, due to the changes in today’s world – deeper integration between nations and economies, rapid developments in communications and technology (including instruments of war), blurring of national borders, and a growing animosity towards the Western world due to the spread of information among different nations and cultures; conflict, including those propelled by religious beliefs, have taken a new and more complicated face. Religious warfare, unlike the traditional conduct of war, has become more complicated to address because, as Mark Juergensmeyer notes, religious struggle (1) gives the moral authority for extremists to embark on â€Å"catastrophic acts with biblical proportions,†(2) takes generations to succeed, and (3) provide both a personal and symbolic redemption for its perpetrators. By elevating their struggles to a cosmic war, religious extremists not only elevate their fight to be one of good against evil, they also impact public consciousness, bringing awareness, and at times sympathy, to
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Classic Airlines and Marketing Essay Example for Free
Classic Airlines and Marketing Essay Classic Airlines in an airline company that has been in business for over 25 years and has gained great success within the airline industry. In the 25 years since its creation the company has grown to over 32,000 employees and has generated 10 billion dollars worth of business. Although the company has seen great success, it also is subjected to the many challenges that other airlines companies face in today’s market. Classic airlines must be able to market its product so that customers will pick there product over competitors within the industry (University of Phoenix, 2012). There are several marketing concepts that Classic airlines have applied and are using in their business. The first marketing concept that Classic airlines use is the needs, wants, and demands concept. This concept is applied by understanding the needs, wants, and demands of the customer. The way Classic airlines have done this is create a rewards program for the customer. This feels the need for a customer to get something for a reduced price. If the customer has enough miles they can upgrade to first class or stay at a Classic airlines hotel partner for a free night (Kotler Keller, 2006). The second concept that Classic airlines have applied to their business strategy is offering and brands. This concept is applied by a firm by offering benefits to a customer that fills needs and using brands that are a known commodity. The Classic airlines rewards program is a perfect example of this marketing concept. The airline offers if a customer signs up for the rewards program they will gain points which can be redeemed for free or reduced items. Although in the reading it does not state what hotel companies are partners of Classic airlines they should make sure that these hotels are name brand hotels such as Marriott or the Hilton so customers feel they are getting a premium brand (Kotler Keller, 2006). The third marketing concept that Classic airlines applies is value and satisfaction. The concept is successful if it delivers value and satisfaction to the customer. The customer must be able to choose between different options to determine what the best value is for them. Classic does this with the rewards program. It gives customers options on what value they use once they earn a certain number of miles. This is a great marketing ploy for Classic airlines because it allows the customer to feel as they have the power in the situation and they are able to pick what option is best for their situation. All three of the above marketing concepts are used by Classic in some way through the rewards program. They are very smart because they use a combination of these concepts to create the rewards program. Classic knows that they are successful as long as the customers are happy. The rewards program allows the customer to receive benefits for staying loyal to Classic airlines(Kotler Keller , 2006).
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
John Gatto Essay Example for Free
John Gatto Essay John Gatto uses many persuasive techniques to try and convince the reader that the reform of schools is necessary. He begins by including the audience that he is talking to in his ‘speech like’ manner â€Å"I accept this award on behalf of all of the fine teachers I’ve known over the years†this establishes personal contact with the audience and develops an appropriate register, therefore persuading them to agree with any further comments that he makes. To further support this, the writer goes on to suggest that teachers are not the problem, as he sees it, but school as an institution â€Å"although teachers do care and do work very hard, the institution they work in is psychopathic†. The writer uses the present tense throughout the entire article to highlight the immediacy of the situation and convince the reader that reform is needed. Gatto’s use of repetition of words like â€Å"useless†and â€Å"absurd†are used part way through the text in order to not only make a more forceful point, but also to emphasise the way that he feels. By repeating these negatively charged words he is attempting to influence the way reader would feel about education, therefore persuading them that reform is a necessity. He establishes the idea that reform is necessary with use of a rhetorical question â€Å"What can be done?†to not only guide the reader towards a solution but also to indicate that he will be offering a solution that the reader will agree with. Gatto uses the structure of short sentences in order to develop his argument and focus on key points, almost like a list – a way of simplifying his ideas. A single short sentence is further used â€Å" Schools are intended to produce formulaic human beings whose behaviour can be predicted and controlled.†to enhance the writer’s view about schools, therefore strengthening his argument and persuading his readership to agree that reform is wholly necessary. The use of the word ‘intended’ coupled with ‘formulaic, predicted and controlled’ to describe how children are taught further gains support from the audience about the immediacy for educational reform. To conclude, the writer has used this conversational tone throughout the text in order to make the reader feel as if he is speaking directly to them and thus forming a strong connection. He closes the article in an abrupt manner in order to focus the attention of the listener on the solution and uses a respectful close to make the listener feel that they have been a part of this discussion, further persuading them to feel as though they should act upon the cause that the writer is so passionate and emotional about. â€Å"The curriculum of family is at the heart of any good life†¦. Time to return to it. Enough. I’ve said my piece. Thank you.â€
Pakistan Economy Challenges and Prospects
Pakistan Economy Challenges and Prospects Geographically, Pakistan is an asian country situated in the south sharing borders with China and India who are considered to be one of the biggest markets in the world. Pakistan has an estimated population of 180 million. It sixth biggest country in the world in terms of population with the fifth biggest army in the world. It has an approximate area of 803,940 km2. The estimated GDP of Pakistan is $164 billion and contributes 19.6% to agriculture, 26.8% to industry and 53.7% to services. The countrys per capita income is around $1022. The countrys human development index is 0.52 and external debts rounding off to $50.1 billion. Strengths The economy of Pakistan is an agricultural country. It is an agricultural country based on agriculture, textile, services, remittances and cottage industry. The country has a great deal of potential to grow and become a better country in the world. The current rate of economic growth is 2% that has come down from 6.8% achieved during the period of 2006-2007. The last two decades has particularly seen the telecommunications industry to grow and boom throughout the country. Even geographically, Pakistan is given great importance. The country holds a great amount of natural resoursces. It has the best agricultural system. The country has four seasons. It has a great potential to expand its tourism department as it has one of the highest mountain ranges, coastlines and vast deserts. Weakness Despite all the potentials and strenghts, the country is suffering a great deal from its weaknesses. Every year a big portion of the budget goes towards defence and foreign debts. The rest of the budget that has to go towards the welfare of the country suffers from corruption which is one of the biggest threats to the countrys welfare. Another threat to the country is its lack of action to control terrorism that has weakened the roots of the country and has rocked its roots. The administration has lacked to provide essantial ways to better the the agriculture. The educational system has failed disasterously though the private institutes have boomed. But the administration has failed to provide education to poors. The country is currently suffering from providing ample amount of electricity and gas due to its lack of development in the sectors. Human Resource in Pakistan Pakistan has been in international news headlines for a variety of reasons other than for its human resource efforts. Observations suggest that increased international support and a reverse brain drain phenomenon continue to contribute to the HR efforts in Pakistan. There has been a significant increase in the application of HR at community, national, and regional levels (McLean et al. 2006). The November 2008 conference of the Academy of HR in Asia also intends to focus on the role of HR in sustainable development. Thus, it is important to examine HR not only in corporate, but also in government and social settings, especially in developing countries (Budhwani and McLean 2005). In Pakistan, HR is influenced by lack of funds and qualified HR staff. The government of Pakistan allocates a small amount of budget for HR activities (Aftab 2007). However, the nonprofit sector, a public-private partnership sector, seems to be more organized in its HR efforts.This paper sheds light on HR in Pakistan and how it can be developed by using local knowledge and international support and expertise. Pakistan came into being on 14 August 1947 and today we are struggling for sustainable development. Over the years Pakistan faced many challenges and the time of independence there were many genuine problems but 59 years were not less for developing and managing the human resource effectively. Now we are standing in a situation where our government setups have failed to deliver and achieve a level of excellence. The private local companies have HR department but not properly functional. The Army is a little organized but is over indulging in the areas that are not their domain .The multinational are better because they are following the same internatioally used management tools. The past practices can not be overlooked as they have created a bunch of unskilled qualified man power and unproductive organizations. The issues or problems in the human recourse management are in all the functions of HRM discipline: Telenor Pakistan Telenor Pakistan, a wholly owned subsidiary of Telenor ASA, launched its operations in March 2005. One of the leading telecom operators providing prepaid, postpaid and value added services to seven million customers, Human resource at Telenor Pakistan As a company, telenor has worked its way towards its product by providing a different approach and creativity. Their services and advertising campaigns were also not traditional. Telenor Pakistan has been able to exercise unconventional operations to achieve productivity with a high output. The company has always kept in mind to provide quality service and simplicity in the solutions. One of the greatest achievements of Telenor is great performance of its employees by providing them an environment like a home. The company exercises true equality towards its employees. There is no traditional way of communication rather the company exercises communications at all levels within their employees and providing all with equal priviliges. The employees dont have to be dressed formally unless they have to communicate to external people. Thus providing the employees an environment that is like a home. This is one of the greatest factors within the company that helps them achieve their levels of productivity by a great deal of contribution. Beside these, there are other techniques the company has adopted at Telenor Pakistan: Unique and very well structured Recruitment and Selection methods, driven by competency-based screening Separatem OrganizationalDevelopment (OD) function Revamping the human resource management division name with Human Capital Division (HCD) Unique Selection Recruitment Methods Regardless of the recruitment processes taking place at other companies. Telenor Pakistan has adopted and the conditions and is carrying out an unique recruitment process to get the most appropriate people to the positions vacant in the company. The recuritment in the company goes through a three level process that is foundation, development and growth. The recruitment process now gets even harder by not just looking at the high GPAs or prestigious degrees but by sensing the best personality with all the abilities required by the company to benefit its economic value. The company has rebranded its recruitment process from traditional human resourse management to Human Capital Division as it refers to the stock of skills and knowledge and the ability to perform labour. Conclusion: Telenor has not only initiated new concepts and world class human resource management techniques, but also with its on-campus recruitment seminars and the Telenor Alumni and Ambassador Programs, the company is always on the lookout to maximize its reach in terms of its outward orientation There is also an important point raised that Telenor provides 100% focus on talen as they say we hire for talent, and train for skills. Human resource practice in Telenor Pakistan Habib Bank LTD Pakistan Habib Bank is the largest bank in Pakistan. It has over 1425 branches throughout Pakistan and 55 branches across the world. The company is referred to as HBL. The companys head quarters are at Habib Bank Plaza Karachi Pakistan. Habib bank continues to take strong hold in Pakistans domestic market with shares over 40%. The bank also dominates in providing loans to small industries and traders and agricultural loans to farmers. The bank also controls 55% of inward foreign remittances. Human Resource management structure: As with the HRM department of any other company. The HRM department of HBL is also very active and is considered to be the best in Pakistan. The structure of the bank from top to bottom is as: One President (CEO) has 10 Senior Executive Vice-Presidents. They in turn have 29 Executive Vice Presidents working under and 154 senior Vice Presidents. They inturn have 420 vice presidents and then 831 Assistant vice Presidents. They inturn have 2350 officers of Grade 1 working under them, 4108 officers of grade 2 work under them and 3364 officers of Grade 3 come under them. The next level has 10, 658 clerical/non-clerical employees. The total employees as per 1999 balance sheet is 23, 022.  Job Analysis: The procedure for determining the duties and skill requirements of a job and the kind of person who should be hired for it is called Job analysis. Job analysis is every important as job analysis information is used in Selecting and recruiting, compensation, performance appraisal, training and in resolving other issues which HBL faces. HBL takes Job analysis services from Sidat Hyder Morshed Association (SHMA) which is the biggest HR consulting firm in Pakistan. The methods which are used in collecting job analysis information are The interview Questionnaires The Interview for job analysis: Interview is a big source in collecting information in the job analysis. Individual employees, group of employees and supervisors with vast knowledge about jobs are interviewed. The format of interview is Structured and unstructured. In structured interview a set of sequence of questions are followed by interviewers and in unstructured type of interview the interviewer pursues points of interest as they come up in response to questions. Questionnaires: In questionnaire the employees solve the fill out questionnaires to describe their job-related duties and responsibilities. The formats of questionnaires are either structured or open ended. Conclusion The telecom sector has been in boom recenlty in Pakistan, one of the basic reason for the success was the economy of Pakistan,as because of cheap labour the telecom sector was able to provide cheap services to masses. The second reason for success was growing market as the telecom sector was very new in begining of 2000. The main success of Habib Bank Limited was the fact that over the years retail banking was unexplored, till early 2000. Good governance by State bank of Pakistan was another reason for this success. As skilled labour was avaiable at lower cost which made it much easier to the banking sector to grow.
Tuesday, August 20, 2019
Sixteen Candles :: Film Analysis
The 1986 film â€Å"Sixteen Candles†tells a timeless tale of growing up in suburban America. The film’s star, Sam, played by Molly Ringwald, wakes up with big expectations on her sweet sixteenth birthday only to be completely disappointed. Not only does she find that she looks exactly the same as when she was fifteen, but her family is so preoccupied with her older sister’s wedding that they forget her birthday altogether.      The film opens with Sam on the phone with her best girlfriend Randy. She is examining herself in her full length mirror and is totally horrified to find that her body didn’t’ magically transform overnight. She was hoping to wake up with a body just like Caroline’s. Caroline is the head cheerleader, prom queen, and girlfriend of the most popular boy in school, Jake Ryan. Sam is hopelessly â€Å"in love†with Jake and is convinced that he won’t know she exists until she is more developed, more mature, more like Caroline. Little does she know, Jake does notice her. He is intrigued by a certain mispassed note containing some very personal information about Sam’s sex life (or lack of one). In this note, Sam confesses that she is a virgin (she has never done â€Å"it†) and is saving herself not for marriage, but for Jake Ryan. Jake finds himself wanting to get to know Sam and wanting a real relationship with someone like her, rather than with someone like Caroline. He knows Caroline doesn’t love him, and he doesn’t love her either. The only real reason they’re together is because he’s the most popular boy at school and she’s the most popular girl. Throughout the movie, Sam is preoccupied with becoming more like Caroline, while the real reason Jake is interested in her is because she is not like Caroline. By the end of the movie Sam learns a valuable lesson about being her own person and even gets the guy along the way.      This film contains some classic examples of the kinds of real life issues adolescents deal with. Issues such as popularity, peer relationships, family/sibling relationships, sex, and struggles with identity are all addressed in this ninety-minute film.      Sam’s high school is like any stereotypical high school with it’s various social crowds. The popular crowd in this movie is composed of mostly jocks and cheerleaders. These adolescents seem to be the most physically attractive and have the wealthiest parents.
Monday, August 19, 2019
Elie Wiesels Night Essay -- Elie Wiesel Night
Elie Wiesel's Night Elie Wiesel’s Night is about what the Holocaust did, not just to the Jews, but, by extension, to humanity. The disturbing disregard for human beings, or the human body itself, still to this day, exacerbates fear in the hearts of men and women. The animalistic acts by the Nazis has scarred mankind eternally with abhorrence and discrimination. It seems impossible that the examination of one’s health, by a doctor, can result in the death of a human being if he appears unhealthy. Elie, his father, and millions of other Jews go through this formidable selection. It’s a process that is dreaded and feared by all Jews. Nobody knows who will be "selected," and how he will die, as they all line up and wait to see who lives and who doesn’t. In a similar fashion, ma...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
Television Violence :: essays research papers
Television Violence In today's society television plays a big role. People watch T.V. for many different reasons. People watch T.V. mainly for entertainment, they also watch T.V. to learn, and to find out news. Some people watch T.V. and get the wrong idea about what they're watching, they feel that what they are watching is okay to do. Violence is a major factor, it affects people of ages. The worst outcome of T.V. is that it sends out the wrong messages. Some people get bad ideas from the violence on T.V. Although violence on television is not the greatest thing, it should be not be banned or restricted in any way. Most people watch T.V. to get away from reality. Watching shows that depict a fantasy world are a lot more interesting to watch. People don't want to see things that happen to them on a regular bases. Although sometimes seeing something that has happened to you before may be funny. Watching T.V. relieves stress and can be good for your health. Doctors say that laughing is good for your health. Violence on T.V. is a very debatable issue. Some people say that it is totally wrong and that it should be banned. Most people like the violence and find it to be very entertaining. Parents find it very hard to restrict their kids from watching violent television programs. The child would want to watch that program twice as much just because their parents said not to watch it. The child would be curious to find out what is so wrong about the program. Some people get the wrong messages or get bad ideas from watching some shows. If parents were to educate their children before watching shows like "Mighty Morphan Power Rangers", " X-Men" and "Cops" , then they wouldn't have to worry about their child getting wrong messages. Television shows also send out wrong Television Violence :: essays research papers Television Violence In today's society television plays a big role. People watch T.V. for many different reasons. People watch T.V. mainly for entertainment, they also watch T.V. to learn, and to find out news. Some people watch T.V. and get the wrong idea about what they're watching, they feel that what they are watching is okay to do. Violence is a major factor, it affects people of ages. The worst outcome of T.V. is that it sends out the wrong messages. Some people get bad ideas from the violence on T.V. Although violence on television is not the greatest thing, it should be not be banned or restricted in any way. Most people watch T.V. to get away from reality. Watching shows that depict a fantasy world are a lot more interesting to watch. People don't want to see things that happen to them on a regular bases. Although sometimes seeing something that has happened to you before may be funny. Watching T.V. relieves stress and can be good for your health. Doctors say that laughing is good for your health. Violence on T.V. is a very debatable issue. Some people say that it is totally wrong and that it should be banned. Most people like the violence and find it to be very entertaining. Parents find it very hard to restrict their kids from watching violent television programs. The child would want to watch that program twice as much just because their parents said not to watch it. The child would be curious to find out what is so wrong about the program. Some people get the wrong messages or get bad ideas from watching some shows. If parents were to educate their children before watching shows like "Mighty Morphan Power Rangers", " X-Men" and "Cops" , then they wouldn't have to worry about their child getting wrong messages. Television shows also send out wrong
Saturday, August 17, 2019
The Classroom Setting for the Visually Impaired
Providing a student-friendly classroom especially for those who are visually impaired is a great challenge for educational institutions, especially the teachers. It takes great effort for the teacher to establish a classroom setup that is suited for the needs, demands, and limitations of students with visual impairments. Consequently, it also takes much effort for visually impaired students to adapt themselves, especially in moving around the classroom.Therefore, several arrangements and adjustments must be developed in order to offer students who are visually impaired and their families an assurance of quality learning and student-friendly classrooms that would facilitate the needs and limitations of their students. Moving around the classroom is one of the major issues involved when talking about the classroom setup and the visually impaired students. Certain physical changes or alterations to the classroom setup may be the ultimate answer in addressing this problem.Students who ar e visually impaired may suffer different conditions such as partial or total impairment, nearsighted or farsighted, tunnel or peripheral vision, etc. (Fame, 2008) With these varied conditions and needs, and the classroom must be flexible enough to possess all that is necessary in accommodating students with varied visual impairments. From the beginning of classroom instruction, the classroom should already be set up for the students. From this day forward, the teacher should not make any changes to the set up of the classroom as changes or alterations may confuse the students, not to mention cause accidents. Center for Teaching and Learning, 2001)Students who are visually impaired also utilize different instructional aids and equipments that help them adapt or accommodate themselves into the structure of the classroom. This includes walking sticks or canes, brailles, even guide dogs, etc. (Fame, 2008) The classroom should provide a vast space for these instructional aids and equipme nts, especially for guide dogs. Moreover, the classroom should be arranged in such a way that most of the students may sit in front of the class near the teacher.This is helpful for them to hear what the teacher is saying, especially because visually impaired students are able to do their activities and follow instruction by listening to what the teacher is saying. Because of this, the classroom environment should be quiet enough to facilitate listening in the classroom. Doors should be closed in order to shut off unnecessary noise. Perhaps, the teacher may ask other students to refrain from making any unnecessary noise in order for the students to hear what the teacher is saying without any disruptions.Center for Teaching and Learning, 2001) Other strategies that would be helpful in facilitating movement for the visually impaired is to arrange the seats in such a way that it nearest the door. In addition, the tables or chairs in the classroom should accommodate all the instructiona l aids and equipments in order to prevent the student from standing up to get what he needs during classroom instruction. Other school facilities, such as the comfort room, the school cafeteria, etc. should be nearest to the classroom. In addition, the classroom itself should be located in the ground floor of the building.To facilitate the inclusion of the student with visual impairments in the class, the teacher should refrain from using visual aids in teaching. It is also a good idea if each lecture is taped and then provided for visually impaired students for them to be able to listen to lectures and discussions when needed. Being descriptive, rather than visual, during lecture or discussion would greatly help in making students understand what the lesson is all about. Moreover, classroom instruction should not involve any writing or other activities that are not suited for the visually impaired student.Finally, inclusion is easily accomplished by setting up ways for social inter actions within the classroom such as group discussions and group activities. Case Study: Is it Fair? 1. The major issue or problem in this case has something to do with language and culture. The Hernandez family badly wants their daughter, Rosa to undergo cochlear implants in order for her to hear again. However, doing so requires follow up after the implant, and that is attending oral classes in order to facilitate auditory and speech training. In this case, the school uses only English as the medium of instruction.Therefore, they required the family to speak English at home for Rosa to be able to continue auditory and speech training even in the house. The Hernandez family refused. 2. The Hernandez family’s devotion for their culture and language motivated them to refuse the offer. For Piedmont, they believed that follow up is necessary in order for children who underwent cochlear implants to maximize the auditory and speech skills after the operation. 3. I believe that it was unnecessary. There is such a term as bilingualism, and I think language is acquired through learning.Therefore, it is possible for Rosa to learn English even if they do not speak it at home. The school should have suggested that they learn English especially because they are moving in the state, and not requiring them to entirely speak in English by force. 4. It is fair; however, since they are the only oral school available for children who have undergone cochlear implants, they should be open for other cultures as well. They should have anticipated that since they are the only one within the state, there would be other children who speak other languages who would be referred to their school.Therefore, they should consider this situation in their instructional plan or program. 5. Yes, they should make an exception. It is because the family is willing to move to the state anyway and they will be forced to learn the language in order to adapt to the community. I think there is no need to force them, because naturally learning English would come naturally to them. 6. The advantages of oral and total communication are that it allows the child to be able to maximize his hearing and speech by learning.The child is not limited to one particular skill for communicating such as the sign language, lip reading, etc. but he is immersed to the use of his hearing and communicating by speaking. The disadvantage of this program lies in its one-sidedness and dependence on only one option for auditory and oral training, and that is classroom instruction. Doctors insist that hearing and oral training may only be accomplished through classroom instruction, but is it not possible to instruct or inform the family in developing auditory and oral skills within the child. The Classroom Setting for the Visually Impaired Providing a student-friendly classroom especially for those who are visually impaired is a great challenge for educational institutions, especially the teachers. It takes great effort for the teacher to establish a classroom setup that is suited for the needs, demands, and limitations of students with visual impairments. Consequently, it also takes much effort for visually impaired students to adapt themselves, especially in moving around the classroom.Therefore, several arrangements and adjustments must be developed in order to offer students who are visually impaired and their families an assurance of quality learning and student-friendly classrooms that would facilitate the needs and limitations of their students. Moving around the classroom is one of the major issues involved when talking about the classroom setup and the visually impaired students. Certain physical changes or alterations to the classroom setup may be the ultimate answer in addressing this problem.Students who ar e visually impaired may suffer different conditions such as partial or total impairment, nearsighted or farsighted, tunnel or peripheral vision, etc. (Fame, 2008) With these varied conditions and needs, and the classroom must be flexible enough to possess all that is necessary in accommodating students with varied visual impairments. From the beginning of classroom instruction, the classroom should already be set up for the students. From this day forward, the teacher should not make any changes to the set up of the classroom as changes or alterations may confuse the students, not to mention cause accidents. Center for Teaching and Learning, 2001)Students who are visually impaired also utilize different instructional aids and equipments that help them adapt or accommodate themselves into the structure of the classroom. This includes walking sticks or canes, brailles, even guide dogs, etc. (Fame, 2008) The classroom should provide a vast space for these instructional aids and equipme nts, especially for guide dogs. Moreover, the classroom should be arranged in such a way that most of the students may sit in front of the class near the teacher.This is helpful for them to hear what the teacher is saying, especially because visually impaired students are able to do their activities and follow instruction by listening to what the teacher is saying. Because of this, the classroom environment should be quiet enough to facilitate listening in the classroom. Doors should be closed in order to shut off unnecessary noise. Perhaps, the teacher may ask other students to refrain from making any unnecessary noise in order for the students to hear what the teacher is saying without any disruptions.Center for Teaching and Learning, 2001) Other strategies that would be helpful in facilitating movement for the visually impaired is to arrange the seats in such a way that it nearest the door. In addition, the tables or chairs in the classroom should accommodate all the instructiona l aids and equipments in order to prevent the student from standing up to get what he needs during classroom instruction. Other school facilities, such as the comfort room, the school cafeteria, etc. should be nearest to the classroom. In addition, the classroom itself should be located in the ground floor of the building.To facilitate the inclusion of the student with visual impairments in the class, the teacher should refrain from using visual aids in teaching. It is also a good idea if each lecture is taped and then provided for visually impaired students for them to be able to listen to lectures and discussions when needed. Being descriptive, rather than visual, during lecture or discussion would greatly help in making students understand what the lesson is all about. Moreover, classroom instruction should not involve any writing or other activities that are not suited for the visually impaired student.Finally, inclusion is easily accomplished by setting up ways for social inter actions within the classroom such as group discussions and group activities. Case Study: Is it Fair? 1. The major issue or problem in this case has something to do with language and culture. The Hernandez family badly wants their daughter, Rosa to undergo cochlear implants in order for her to hear again. However, doing so requires follow up after the implant, and that is attending oral classes in order to facilitate auditory and speech training. In this case, the school uses only English as the medium of instruction.Therefore, they required the family to speak English at home for Rosa to be able to continue auditory and speech training even in the house. The Hernandez family refused. 2. The Hernandez family’s devotion for their culture and language motivated them to refuse the offer. For Piedmont, they believed that follow up is necessary in order for children who underwent cochlear implants to maximize the auditory and speech skills after the operation. 3. I believe that it was unnecessary. There is such a term as bilingualism, and I think language is acquired through learning.Therefore, it is possible for Rosa to learn English even if they do not speak it at home. The school should have suggested that they learn English especially because they are moving in the state, and not requiring them to entirely speak in English by force. 4. It is fair; however, since they are the only oral school available for children who have undergone cochlear implants, they should be open for other cultures as well. They should have anticipated that since they are the only one within the state, there would be other children who speak other languages who would be referred to their school.Therefore, they should consider this situation in their instructional plan or program. 5. Yes, they should make an exception. It is because the family is willing to move to the state anyway and they will be forced to learn the language in order to adapt to the community. I think there is no need to force them, because naturally learning English would come naturally to them. 6. The advantages of oral and total communication are that it allows the child to be able to maximize his hearing and speech by learning.The child is not limited to one particular skill for communicating such as the sign language, lip reading, etc. but he is immersed to the use of his hearing and communicating by speaking. The disadvantage of this program lies in its one-sidedness and dependence on only one option for auditory and oral training, and that is classroom instruction. Doctors insist that hearing and oral training may only be accomplished through classroom instruction, but is it not possible to instruct or inform the family in developing auditory and oral skills within the child.
Friday, August 16, 2019
“Lines Written in Early Spring†Analysis Essay
Lines Written in Early Spring by William Wordsworth is a comparison of the state of nature to the state of mankind. This fits into the Romantic period because of how many of Wordsworth’s poems represented the revolt against contemporary English poetry, which he believed should have been based on true emotion, rather than intellect and style. There is evidence that Wordsworth is writing about nature and the poor state mankind when he writes: â€Å"In that sweet mood when pleasant thoughts bring sad thoughts to the mind†(Stanza 1, Lines 3-4). Also, he suggests that mankind and nature should not be as different as they are in terms of happiness, when he writes: â€Å"To her fair works did nature link the human soul that through me ran; And much it greaves my heart to think what man has made of man†(Stanza 2, Lines 7-8). Wordsworth makes use of many literary devices in Lines Written in Early Spring. Personification is the most common of literary devices used. Examples of this are shown when he writes: â€Å"And ’tis my faith that every flower Enjoys the air it breathes†(Stanza 3, Lines 11-12). He is giving a flower the human characteristic of enjoying the air it â€Å"breathes†. Another example of personification in this poem is when Wordsworth writes: â€Å"The budding twigs spread out their fan, To catch the breezy air†(Stanza 5, Lines 17-18). In this verse he is giving budding twigs the human characteristic of spreading out to catch breezy air. Wordsworth also describes nature as a being rather than a thing when he writes: â€Å"If this belief from heaven be sent, If such be Nature’s holy plan†(Stanza 6, Lines 21-22). In this verse he describes nature as having the ability to plan. This poem also reflects on Wordsworth appreciation and love for nature, as he sees it as a force rather than just a thing. This poem is a good representation of its time period because it gives insight into how many people neglected nature, and furthermore, gives insight into the troubles and lifestyles of people during the Romantic Era.
Patterns Of Inequalities In Health Health And Social Care Essay
Health inequalities are defined as the differences in wellness attention or in the distribution of wellness determiners between different population groups ( Woodward & A ; Kawachi 2000 ) . Health inequalities can be breakdown in to four key subdivisions. The first 1 is inequalities are unjust. Inequalities in wellness are unwanted to the extent that they are unjust besides unfair. Inequalities become â€Å" unjust †when deprived wellness is itself the effect of an unfair distribution of the societal determiners of wellness. For case the mortality rates between people from different societal categories or unequal chances in instruction and employment. The 2nd is inequalities affect every society. Condition that lead to tag wellness disparities are damaging to all members of society. Some types of wellness inequalities have clear effects on the remainder of society, such as the effects of intoxicant and drug abuse, the spread of infective diseases, or the happening of force an d offense. The 3rd is inequalities are evitable. Disparities in wellness are evitable to the extent that they branch from identifiable policy option exercised by authoritiess for illustration ordinance of concern and labor, revenue enhancement policy, public assistance benefits and wellness attention support. The last 1 is intercessions to cut down wellness inequalities are cost effectual. A public wellness programme that reduces wellness inequalities can besides be cost effectual. The instance can be made to give precedence to certain programmes for case, heightening entree to cervical malignant neoplastic disease screen in low income adult females on efficiency evidences. In contrast, few programmes designed to cut down wellness inequalities have been officially evaluated utilizing cost effectivity analysis.History of Health inequalitiesHealth inequalities have been known since the societal and public wellness reform of the 19th century, when Chadwick and Rowntree began to document them. It was grounds on societal inequalities an d of unequal entree to wellness attention in Britain that provided the force per unit area to put up the public assistance province and the National Health Service in the post-war period. An rating in the late-1970s illustrate that Britain was falling behind other states in wellness betterment, despite 30 old ages of the public assistance province. This led to the Black Report in 1980 on inequalities in wellness. The Black Report demonstrated that although overall wellness had improved since the debut of the public assistance province, there still remained widespread wellness inequalities. It besides highlighted the chief cause of these inequalities was economic inequality. The study found that decease rate for work forces in societal category V was twice that for work forces in societal category I therefore demoing the spread between the two was increasing, non cut downing as was expected ( Carter, 2002 ) . The Acheson Report was published 18 old ages after the Black Report, but both show comparing. The Acheson study present a contrast to The Black Report in that it illustrates the troubles of undertaking wellness inequalities despite seemingly improved status.Conveyance and country of abodesConveyance is critical in enabling entree to people, goods and services, therefore promotes wellness straight through the accomplishment and care of societal webs. Forms of conveyance, such as walking and cycling promote wellness straight by increased physical activity and decrease of fleshiness. A deficiency of conveyance may take to damaged wellness by denying entree to people, goods and services and by deviating resources from other necessities. In add-on, conveyance may damage wellness straight, most notably by inadvertent hurt and air pollution. Sing conveyance in a inequalities facets, deficiency of entree to transport is experienced disproportionately by handicapped people, older people and people socioeconomic position, peculiarly single life in distant or rural countries ( Elgar, 2006 ) . For case, single life in council house where hapless entree to transport may restrict work and preparation chance. An addition in monetary values and a limited scope of goods available to persons whose deficiency of entree to transport denies them chances to shop for necessities. Environmental barriers in entree to transport experienced by people with physical disablements. Deprived urban countries tend to be characterised by high traffic volume, taking to increased degrees of noise and air pollution and important rates of route traffic accidents without the benefits of entree to private conveyance. The cost of rail and local coach menus has addition well Campbell ( 2005 ) studies that about one 3rd in existent footings since 1990. This in bend has had the most impact on those single with lower income. Bettering public conveyance may take to improved entree to people and installations fundamental to wellness, such as store, parks wellness attention friends and households. This consecutively should take to betterment in quality of life and wellness. The authorities policies â€Å" Better conveyance †place a increasing in usage of public conveyance by the general population would in bend lessenings air and noise pollution. The Independent enquiry into Inequalities in Health Report recommends the farther development of a high quality public conveyance system which is integrated with other signifiers of conveyance which is a sensible monetary value to single. A lessening in the usage of vehicles would take to a decrease of accidents.UnemploymentEmployment and unemployment is a important factor taking to ill wellness. Carter ( 2002 ) surveies emphasise that non merely is employment a primary beginning of position in Western states, but it is besides important in supplying intent , societal support, construction to life and a agency of take parting in society. Therefore if the person is unemployed this can be a possible major hazard to wellness for the population of working age and their households. In 1997 the international Labour Office stated two million people were unemployed in the UK, besides around a 3rd of unemployed adult females and half of all unemployed work forces had been unemployed for one twelvemonth or more. The bulk of unemployment persons tend to hold a important inauspicious consequence psychological and physiological wellbeing. This can include symptoms of anxiousness and depression to self-harm and self-destruction ( Wildmen, 2003 ) . In relation to physical wellness, unemployment brings a important hazard of morbidity and premature mortality. Johnson, ( 2008 ) place that all major mortality causes was systematically higher than mean among unemployed work forces. He besides found that unemployed adult females had higher mortality from coronary bosom disease, hurts and self-destruction. There are many to better an single wellness during the clip they are unemployment. Bettering fiscal support during unemployment can increase living conditions and resources needed for wellness, including entree to nutrient, shelter and warming. Being unemployed may besides better their ability to by apart of their communities cut downing societal exclusion ( Richter, 2005 ) . Government policies aimed at the creative activity of employment chances, apprenticeship for immature unemployed people, improved degrees of instruction and preparation for immature unemployed people. De Vogli, ( 2009 ) place cardinal factor is the remotion of barriers to work for parents with dependent kids. This should better the opportunities of wellness increasing employment opportunities in add-on to other good effects on wellness and its determiners such as income and lodgingEducationEducation has the chance to play numerical functions in act uponing inequalities in wellness. It has an of import function in act uponing inequalities in socioeconomic place. Educational makings determines an person ‘s labor market place, therefore act uponing at that place income, lodging and other material assets. As a effect, instruction is a traditional path out of poorness for single life in hapless community. Education besides has a function in fixing kids for life. For illustration, guaranting person has the practical, societal and emotional cognition and accomplishments to make a full and healthy life. It has a societal function in fixing kids to lend to the full in society. This can affect educating them about utilizing services, doing kids aware of their democratic rights and duties ( Bromberg, 2003 ) . Sing instruction in an inequalities facets, kids from hapless backgrounds is measured by being in reception of free school dinners. They are found to hold lower educational accomplishment that their equals. Mana & A ; Huston, ( 2008 ) place kids on free school dinners as an index of poorness. They conducted research screening that a high per centum of students eligible for free school dinners have a low per centum of students with a least five base on ballss at GCSE level A star to C. Higher proportions of students in School exclusion and hooky are associated with increased engagement in offense and other harmful activities. In the long term, school exclusion and hooky are associated with unemployment, homelessness, adolescent gestation and captivity ( Mana & A ; Huston, 2008 ) The Independent enquiry into Inequalities in Health Report recommends the proviso of extra resources for schools functioning kids from disadvantage groups to heighten their educational accomplishment. The Revenue Support Grant expression and other support mechanisms should be reviewed more to reflect demands and socioeconomic disadvantage. This is likely, but non convinced to be accompanied by a decrease in inequalities in accident rates.Promotional Intervention and PoliciesThe Government has besides played its portion through a scope of national programmes. These include Certain Start designed to back up the development of pre-school kids from disadvantage households. Change4Life prevents households from going corpulence and the National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal which developed to back up an incorporate attack to regeneration in the most disadvantaged communities. The UK Fuel Poverty Strategy which supports lodging betterments targeted at vulnerable family.Change4LifeIs a promotional run that aims to forestall people from going overweight by promoting them to eat better and by more activate. It is the marketing constituent of the Government ‘s response to the addition in fleshiness in the UK. The run aims to animate a social motion in which person ‘s who has an involvement in forestalling fleshin ess, such as concern, health care professionals, school, charities, households or persons can play their portion. The Change4life advertisement run launched in January 2009 and in the early phases targeted immature households with kids aged 5-11 old ages. Six months in Change4life had a great response from immature households. 85 % of female parents reported that the run makes them see about their kids ‘s wellness, and over 360,000 households have already signed up in order to follow a healthier life style ( Department of wellness, 2009 ) .Certain StartCertain start is a promotional run that brings family-support services for households with kids under 5 old ages old. Their purpose is to undertake child poorness and societal exclusion working with parents, attentions and kids to advance the rational, physical and societal development of babes and immature kids so that they can boom at place and when they are go toing school. Certain Start coaction with service suppliers from the statutory sector like wellness, societal services and early instruction, community administrations and parents t hemselves. There provide integrated services for immature kids and their households based on what local kids need and parents want.National Strategy for vicinity reclamation policiesThe National Strategy for vicinity reclamation was created in 2001 and has two overall purposes. To cut down the spread between the most disadvantaged vicinities and the remainder of England and in the worst vicinities to accomplish less offense, better wellness and better educational making. A cardinal construct is that vicinities should non be below a certain degree. This degree cover the full scope of Government activity and many are incorporated into the relevant Public Service Agreements for illustration wellness, instruction and income.UK Fuel Poverty StrategyThe UK Fuel Poverty Strategy was established in 2001. It chiefly focuses is to better energy efficiency and cut down the costs of fuel for fuel in hapless families, since the income steps which form portion of a long term solution are being ad dressed in wider poorness and societal exclusion policies. To accomplish these marks, a scope of programmes and steps have been put in topographic point. This include go oning action to prolong the downward force per unit area on fuel measures, guaranting just intervention for perverse households, and back uping the development of energy industry initiatives to battle fuel poorness. To go on action to cut down poorness and societal exclusion recognizing that these are assorted jobs. In decision it is clear that wellness inequalities are a important concern in Britain. The instance survey shows how wellness inequalities are relentless and hard to alter. They are besides widening and are likely to make so unless we do things otherwise. This means turn toing non merely the short-run effects of evitable sick wellness, but besides the longer-term causes. The Government and assorted national programmes are determined to assist cut down wellness inequalities in Britain by making a fairer and more merely society that will let all single and communities to profit more equitably from public services investing.
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